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The PA-201 Programmable Pulse Switch option is used in conjunction with the PA-4000 electroporator to expand the available number of electrode ports from one as found in a standard cuvette to eight total. Opening this window enables researchers to explore new and exciting electrical field delivery techniques in the search for an optimal process. In particular, reverse polarity cuvette electroporation and multi-probe in-vivo electroporation are two techniques that are the subject of upcoming breakthroughs.
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| This system provides the greatest control and process feedback available, while retaining the ability to modularize further into applications such as cell fusion or high throughput electroporation. In addition, the intuitive Pulse Agile Interface software quickly guides even first-time users to direct success. Superior results are consistently achieved as a result of our stringent structural requirements and testing process.
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- Precision rectangular (square) wave electroporation
- Dynamically programmable 8-port output
- Banana plug output to cuvette chamber for reverse polarity
- Computer controlled operation
- PulseAgile protocol creation
- Log file automatically saved after every run
- Ionic solutions down to 10 ohms (PBS, etc.)
- Automatic safety shutdown on arc detection
- Built-in voltage and current monitors for oscilloscope verification
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| There are a number of patents on applications that may use this type of system and it is the responsibility of the user not to infringe on those patents. |
8-Port Output
The PA-201 is an eight-port array output switch, of which each port can be dynamically programmed via software to become an anode, cathode, or left unconnected during run-time. Various configurations have been found to accommodate a more efficient delivery when compared to two-point electrodes, particularly for in-vivo tumor applications.
Technical Reference: Sersa, G. et al, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 39, 61-66 (1996)
Reverse Polarity
A new technology yet to be fully unlocked, reversing polarity of electric fields between pulses theoretically indicates a significant improvement over standard electroporation. This relies upon promoting molecule movement in multiple directions as well as evening out the distribution of membrane poration around cells (single-direction fields traditionally open larger pores on the anode side).
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Rectangular (square) Wave
Rectangular wave electroporators have become industry standard because of their ability to increase transfection efficiency while maintaining viability over older and less reliable exponential decay models. Users are given the full ability to adjust parameters for voltage (electric field), pulse width, pulse number, and interval between pulses in an easy to navigate menu system.
PulseAgile Protocol
The Cyto Pulse Sciences patented PulseAgile protocol series takes the concept of square wave electroporation one step further: users are given the choice to create multiple protocols with different parameters, called groups, that are run in direct succession of one another. This is generally used to deliver a series of high voltage and short duration pulses first permeabilizing the cell membrane, followed by a series of low voltage and long duration pulses to continue delivery of the transfectant by electrophoresis.
The ultimate goal of creating these types of protocols is to deliver similar transfection efficiencies while retaining an even higher viability than standard four-parameter waves. In particular, published in-vivo applications have repeatedly been found to substantially improve delivery in addition to some ex-vivo applications.
System Monitoring
There is no mystery to whats inside the box when all necessary information can be accessed from the outside EIncluded as standard features are one each of voltage and current monitors ready to attach with an external oscilloscope in order to view real-time pulsing conditions. Using these connections is a true safeguard to know exactly how the applied waveform reflects the programmed waveform, so you never again have to wonder if your protocol ran as intended.
Furthermore, an output load estimate is provided after every run to assist in understanding how ionic the pulsing conditions were. This can be extremely valuable when debugging unexpected results due to incorrect sample washing for ex-vivo cuvette applications or proper electrode insertion for in-vivo applications. Information relevant to each executed protocol may be saved as a log file, including actual voltage levels of all pulses. Note: Estimated load is not available with the PA-101, PA-301, or PA-96W options.
Fault Detection
All Cyto Pulse Sciences equipment is designed to withstand extreme user conditions. In the event of a fault, advanced control circuitry immediately detects the source of any problem and proceeds to halt the system to prevent permanent damage. The safety of Cyto Pulse customers is our number one priority.
- Electrode Interlock improperly attached cuvettes or electrodes will cause the protocol start function to be disabled until corrected
- External Fault extremely low output load arcs will cause high voltage to be turned off and a fault screen to be displayed
- Internal Fault damaged internal system components will cause high voltage to be turned off and fault screen to be displayed
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Cuvette Holder
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| The heavy-duty electroporation cuvette holder will operate with all major cuvette manufacturers, although Cyto Pulse cuvettes are recommended for best results; standard cuvette sizes are available in 1 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm electrode gaps. The insertion mechanism is notched to prevent incorrect positioning and only upon full insertion will high voltage become enabled to pulse. A large plastic barrier surrounds the cuvette field to completely block any contact with the electrodes. |
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| General |
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| Pulse Waveform |
Rectangular (Square) |
| Interface |
Windows Software |
| Electrode |
Custom, Cuvette, In-vivo |
| Protocol |
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| Pulse Amplitude HV Mode |
20 - 1100 volts @ 5 volt step |
| Pulse Amplitude LV Mode |
20 - 400 volts @ 2 volt step |
| Pulse Amplitude Accuracy |
5% |
| Max E-Field (1 mm cuvette) |
11 kV/cm |
| Max E-Field (2 mm cuvette) |
5.5 kV/cm |
| Max E-Field (4 mm cuvette) |
2.75 kV/cm |
| Pulse Duration |
0.001 E100 ms (<300 volts)
0.001 E40 ms (<400 volts)
0.001 E20 ms (<500 volts)
0.001 E1 ms (<1100 volts)
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| Pulse Interval |
0.125 - 400 sec |
| Number of Pulses |
1 - 99 |
| Number of Pulse Groups |
1 - 40 |
| Polarity Reversal |
Yes |
| Safety / Monitoring |
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| Electrode Interlock |
Yes |
| Arc Control |
Yes |
| Pulse Voltage Monitor |
BNC Output |
| Pulse Current Monitor |
BNC Output |
| Electrical |
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| AC Line |
100 - 240 VAC 50/60Hz |
| Physical |
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| High Voltage Outputs |
MHV, Banana Plug |
| Computer Control |
RS232 |
| Dimensions (W-D-H) |
PA-4000
12.6Ex 11.8Ex 8.2E
(32 cm x 30 cm x 20.8 cm)
PA-201
12.6Ex 11.8Ex 3E
(32 cm x 30 cm x 7.5 cm)
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| Weight |
PA-4000
23 pounds (11 kg)
PA-201
6.5 pounds (3 kg)
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Included in the System |
| PA-4000 |
PulseAgile Advanced Rectangular Wave Electroporator |
| PA4-SW |
PulseAgile Application Software |
| PA4-UMAN |
PA-4000 Users Manual |
| CE-20 |
Cuvette Holder |
| CUV-M |
Cuvette Multi-pack set of 5 each: 1 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm |
| CS-L-XX |
IEC Line Cord, Serial cable, XX=country |
| PA-201 |
Programmable Pulse Switch |
| PA-201-UMAN |
PA-201 Users Manual |
| CS-OPT |
Interface Cable Set: DB25 cable, HV cable |
| PA-201-C |
Output cable 9-wire |
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Ordering |
| PA-4000/PA-201BS |
Programmable Pulse Switch System |
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